How do I escape / display percent sign in printf statement?

By Wayan in Core API, Lang Package

You have a problem displaying the % sign when you want to print a number in percentage format using the printf() method. Because the % sign is use as a prefix of format specifiers, you need to escape it if you want to display the % sign as part of the output string.

To escape the percent sign (%) you need to write it twice, like %%. It will print out a single % sign as part of your printf() method output. Let see an example in the code snippet below:

package org.kodejava.lang;

public class EscapePercentSignExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String format = "The current bank interest rate is %6.2f%%.%n";
        System.out.printf(format, 10f);
    }
}

In the code snippet above we use the following format %6.2f%%.%n which can be explained as:

  • %6.2f format the number (10f) as six characters in width, right justified, with two places after decimal point. The f conversion character means it accept a float value.
  • %% will escape the % sign and print it as part of the output.
  • %n will print out a new line character.

When you execute the code, it will print:

The current bank interest rate is  10.00%.

How to find the difference between two LocalDateTime objects?

By Wayan in Java Date Time API 0 Comment

In the previous post, How do I find the difference between two times?, we get the difference between two LocalTime objects in seconds measurement. In this example we will get the difference between two LocalDateTime objects and get the difference between these objects in years, months, days, hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds.

package org.kodejava.datetime;

import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.Month;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;

public class LocalDateTimeDiff {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LocalDateTime from = LocalDateTime.of(2021, Month.JANUARY, 10, 10, 0, 30);
        LocalDateTime to = LocalDateTime.now();

        LocalDateTime fromTemp = LocalDateTime.from(from);
        long years = fromTemp.until(to, ChronoUnit.YEARS);
        fromTemp = fromTemp.plusYears(years);

        long months = fromTemp.until(to, ChronoUnit.MONTHS);
        fromTemp = fromTemp.plusMonths(months);

        long days = fromTemp.until(to, ChronoUnit.DAYS);
        fromTemp = fromTemp.plusDays(days);

        long hours = fromTemp.until(to, ChronoUnit.HOURS);
        fromTemp = fromTemp.plusHours(hours);

        long minutes = fromTemp.until(to, ChronoUnit.MINUTES);
        fromTemp = fromTemp.plusMinutes(minutes);

        long seconds = fromTemp.until(to, ChronoUnit.SECONDS);
        fromTemp = fromTemp.plusSeconds(seconds);

        long millis = fromTemp.until(to, ChronoUnit.MILLIS);

        System.out.println("From = " + from);
        System.out.println("To   = " + to);
        System.out.printf("The difference is %s years, %s months, %s days, " +
                        "%s hours, %s minutes, %s seconds, %s millis",
                years, months, days, hours, minutes, seconds, millis);
    }
}

The result of the code snippet above when executed is:

From = 2021-01-10T10:00:30
To   = 2021-11-17T15:07:37.913247900
The difference is 0 years, 10 months, 7 days, 5 hours, 7 minutes, 7 seconds, 913 millis

How do I find the difference between two times?

By Wayan in Java Date Time API 0 Comment

The following code snippet show you how to find the difference between two time objects represented by LocalTime class. To get the difference between two LocalTime objects we can use the Duration.between() method. This method returns a Duration object, to get the difference in seconds we call the getSeconds() method.

Here a code snippet to demonstrate it.

package org.kodejava.datetime;

import java.time.*;

public class TimeDifference {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LocalTime start = LocalTime.now();
        LocalTime end = LocalTime.of(16, 59, 55);
        Duration duration = Duration.between(start, end);

        System.out.printf("Seconds between %s and %s is: %s seconds.%n",
                start, end, duration.getSeconds());

        diffLocalDateTime();
        diffInstant();
    }

    /**
     * Difference between two LocalDateTime objects.
     */
    public static void diffLocalDateTime() {
        LocalDateTime dt1 = LocalDateTime.now();
        LocalDateTime dt2 = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("GMT+0"));
        Duration duration = Duration.between(dt1, dt2);
        System.out.printf("Duration = %s seconds.%n", duration.getSeconds());
    }

    /**
     * Difference between two Instant objects.
     */
    public static void diffInstant() {
        Instant instant1 = Instant.now();
        Instant instant2 = Instant.EPOCH;
        Duration duration = Duration.between(instant1, instant2);
        System.out.printf("Duration = %s seconds.%n", duration.getSeconds());
    }
}

Using the Duration.between() we can also get the difference between two LocalDateTime objects and two Instant object as seen in the diffLocalDateTime() method and diffInstant method in the code snippet above.

The result of the code snippet:

Seconds between 15:05:35.401317900 and 16:59:55 is: 6859 seconds.
Duration = -28800 seconds.
Duration = -1637132736 seconds.

How do I specify the Java compiler version in a pom.xml file?

By Wayan in Maven, Tools 0 Comment

When you need to compile a project for a specific Java version you can configure maven compiler plugin to set the source and the target version. The following pom.xml file configuration show you how to do it.

<project>
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.2</version>
                <configuration>
                    <source>1.7</source>
                    <target>1.7</target>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

Invalid value for the source and the target version in our project will make our project compilation process failed. For example when we try to use the diamond operator (<>) which available in Java 7, while the maven compiler plugin is set to version 1.5, can produce compiler error like this:

[ERROR] Failed to execute goal org.apache.maven.plugins:maven-compiler-plugin:3.1:compile (default-compile) on project servlet-example: Compilation failure
[ERROR] /Users/wsaryada/Studio/kodejava.org/webapp-example/servlet-example/src/main/java/org/kodejava/example/servlet/SessionCounter.java:[10,51] diamond operator is not supported in -source 1.5
[ERROR] (use -source 7 or higher to enable diamond operator)

How do I parse negative number in parentheses?

By Wayan in Core API, Text Package 0 Comment

In financial application negative numbers are often represented in parentheses. In this post we will learn how we can parse or convert the negative number in parentheses to produce the represented number value. To parse text / string to a number we can use the java.text.DecimalFormat class.

Beside number in parentheses, in this example we also parse negative number that use the minus sign with the currency symbol like $. Let’s jump to the code snippet below:

package org.kodejava.text;

import java.text.DecimalFormat;

public class NegativeNumberParse {
    // Pattern for parsing negative number.
    public static final String PATTERN1 = "#,##0.00;(#,##0.00)";
    public static final String PATTERN2 = "$#,##0.00;-$#,##0.00";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat(PATTERN1);

        String number1 = "(1000)";
        String number2 = "(1,500.99)";

        System.out.println("number1 = " + df.parse(number1));
        System.out.println("number2 = " + df.parse(number2));

        df = (DecimalFormat) DecimalFormat.getInstance();
        df.applyPattern(PATTERN2);

        String number3 = "-$1000";
        String number4 = "-$1,500.99";

        System.out.println("number3 = " + df.parse(number3));
        System.out.println("number4 = " + df.parse(number4));
    }
}

And here are the results of our code snippet above:

number1 = -1000
number2 = -1500.99
number3 = -1000
number4 = -1500.99

If you need to display or format negative numbers in parentheses you can take a look at the following example How do I display negative number in parentheses?.