How do I set up JAVA_HOME and Path variables in Windows?

By Wayan in Basic, Core API 1 Comment

Setting up a JAVA_HOME and Path variables is the second thing you’ll need to do after installing a JDK (Java Development Kit). Although this is not required by Java itself, it is commonly use by other application. For instance then Apache Tomcat web application server and other application server will need it. Or we might need it if we want to compile or running our Java classes from the command prompt. It helps us to organize the default JDK and the execution path.

So here are the steps that we’ll need to do to configure the JAVA_HOME and Path variable on a Windows operating system.

Step 1. Finding the location of our JDK installation directory. If we already know where we have installed the JDK continue to the Step 2.

  1. The JDK usually installed in the C:\Program Files\Java directory by default.
  2. Under this directory we can find one or more versions of installed JDK, for examples I have jdk-14 and jdk-17. Just choose the default one we’re going to use.

Step 2. Setting JAVA_HOME variable

After we know the location of your JDK installation, we can copy the directory location from the Windows Explorer address bar.

  1. Open Windows Explorer
  2. Right-Click the Computer and select the Properties menu.
  3. Click Advanced system settings and the System Properties windows will be shown.
  4. Select the Advance tab.
  5. Click the Environment Variables button.
  6. A new Environment Variables window will be shown.
  7. Under the System Variables, click the New button to create a new environment variable.
  8. Enter the variable name as JAVA_HOME, all letters are in uppercase.
  9. In the variable value enter the JDK installation path you’ve copy above.
  10. Click OK.

Step 3. Setting the Path variable

After we’ve set the JAVA_HOME variable, now we can update the Path variable.

  1. In the Environment Variables window, under the System Variables section find a variable named Path.
  2. If we don’t have the Path variable we need to add one using the New button.
  3. If we already have the Path variable we’ll need to update its value, click Edit button to update.
  4. Add %JAVA_HOME%\bin; to the beginning of the Path variable value.
  5. Press OK to when we are done.
  6. Press another OK to close the Environment Variables window.

Step 4. Check to see if the settings work

  1. Open your Windows Command Prompt.
  2. Type java -version in the command line.
  3. If everything was set correctly we’ll see the running version of your installed Java JDK.

As an example on my Windows Command Prompt I have something like:

D:\>java -version
java version "17" 2021-09-14 LTS
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 17+35-LTS-2724)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 17+35-LTS-2724, mixed mode, sharing)

If you don’t see the correct output, for instance you get an error like “‘java’ is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file.”, please retry the steps described above. Enjoy your new adventure with Java programming. Happy coding!

How to use underscore in numeric literals?

By Wayan in Basic, Core API 0 Comment

Writing a long sequence of numbers in a code is a hard stuff to read. In the new feature introduced by JDK 7 we are now allowed to write numeric literals using the underscore character to break the numbers to make it easier to read.

You can see how to use underscore in numeric literals in the following examples. And you’ll see it for yourself that it really makes numbers easier to read.

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class UnderscoreNumericExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Write numeric literals using underscore as an easier way
        // to read long numbers.
        int maxInt = 2_147_483_647;
        int minInt = -2_147_483_648;

        if (maxInt == Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
            System.out.println("maxInt = " + maxInt);
        }

        if (minInt == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
            System.out.println("minInt = " + minInt);
        }

        // Write numbers in binary or hex literals using the
        // underscores.
        int maxIntBinary = 0B111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111_1111;
        int maxIntHex = 0X7____F____F____F____F____F____F____F;

        System.out.println("maxIntBinary = " + maxIntBinary);
        System.out.println("maxIntHex    = " + maxIntHex);
    }
}

The results of the code snippet:

maxInt = 2147483647
minInt = -2147483648
maxIntBinary = 2147483647
maxIntHex    = 2147483647

How do I define an integer constant in binary format?

By Wayan in Basic, Core API 0 Comment

The JDK 7 add a small feature to work with a binary number. In the previous JDK we have to use the Integer.parseInt() method if we need to work with other base number. But with this new feature introduced in the Project Coin we can simplify the code when we work with the binary number.

To specify a binary literal in the code, add the prefix 0b or 0B to the number. The following code snippet show you how to write the binary literals:

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class BinaryLiteralExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // In JDK 6 and the previous version you must use the
        // Integer.parseInt() method to define a number using
        // a binary literal.
        int x = Integer.parseInt("00101010", 2);
        System.out.println("x = " + x);

        // In the new JDK 7 you can simply use the following
        // binary literal to define a number using a binary
        // literal.
        int y = 0b00101010;
        System.out.println("y = " + y);
    }
}

The result of our code snippet:

x = 42
y = 42

How do I use the diamond syntax?

By Wayan in Basic, Core API 0 Comment

In Java 7 a new feature called diamond syntax or diamond operator was introduced. This diamond syntax <> simplify how we instantiate generic type variables. In the previous version of Java when declaring and instantiating generic types we’ll do it like the snippet below:

List<String> names = new ArrayList<String>();
Map<String, List<Integer>> map = new HashMap<String, List<Integer>>();

As you can see in the snippet, we were repeating our self by defining the generic type two times. We define the object type we’ll be stored in the List and the Map on both left and the right side. By using the diamond syntax the compiler will infer the type of the right side expression argument automatically. So in Java 7 we can write the above code snippet like this:

List<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
Map<String, List<Integer>> map = new HashMap<>();

This make our code simpler and more readable, and by using the diamond syntax the compiler will ensure that we have the generic type-safe checking available in our code. This will make any error due to type incompatibility captured at compile time.

How do I pick a random value from an enum?

By Wayan in Basic, Core API 6 Comments

The following code snippet will show you how to pick a random value from an enum. First we’ll create an enum called BaseColor which will have three valid value. These values are Red, Green and Blue.

To allow us to get random value of this BaseColor enum we define a getRandomColor() method in the enum. This method use the java.util.Random to create a random value. This random value then will be used to pick a random value from the enum.

Let’s see the code snippet below:

package org.kodejava.basic;

import java.util.Random;

public class EnumGetRandomValueExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Pick a random BaseColor for 10 times.
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            System.out.printf("color[%d] = %s%n", i,
                    BaseColor.getRandomColor());
        }
    }

    /**
     * BaseColor enum.
     */
    private enum BaseColor {
        Red,
        Green,
        Blue;

        /**
         * Pick a random value of the BaseColor enum.
         *
         * @return a random BaseColor.
         */
        public static BaseColor getRandomColor() {
            Random random = new Random();
            return values()[random.nextInt(values().length)];
        }
    }
}

The output of the code snippet:

color[0] = Green
color[1] = Green
color[2] = Blue
color[3] = Red
color[4] = Blue
color[5] = Blue
color[6] = Blue
color[7] = Blue
color[8] = Green
color[9] = Blue

How do I use try-with-resources statement?

By Wayan in Basic, Core API 0 Comment

The try-with-resources statement is introduced in the Java 7. With this new statement we can simplify resource management in our program, also known as ARM (Automatic Resource Management).

This statement is a try statement that declares one or more resources. After the program finish with the resource, it must be closed. The try-with-resources ensures that each resource is closed and the end of the statement.

Any object that implements java.lang.AutoCloseable, which includes all objects which implement java.io.Closeable, can be used as a resource.

package org.kodejava.basic;

import java.io.*;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

public class TryWithResourceExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            TryWithResourceExample demo = new TryWithResourceExample();
            demo.printStream("F:/tmp/data.txt");
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    private void printStream(String fileName) throws IOException {
        char[] buffer = new char[1024];

        try (InputStream is = new FileInputStream(fileName);
             Reader reader = new BufferedReader(
                     new InputStreamReader(is, StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {

            while (reader.read(buffer) != -1) {
                System.out.println(buffer);
            }
        }
    }
}

How do I use string in switch statement?

By Wayan in Basic, Core API 0 Comment

Starting from Java 7 release you can now use a String in the switch statement. On the previous version we can only use constants type of byte, char, short, int (and their corresponding reference / wrapper type) or enum constants in the switch statement.

The code below give you a simple example on how the Java 7 extended to allow the use of String in switch statement.

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class StringInSwitchExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String day = "Sunday";
        switch (day) {
            case "Sunday":
                System.out.println("doSomething");
                break;
            case "Monday":
                System.out.println("doSomethingElse");
                break;
            case "Tuesday":
            case "Wednesday":
                System.out.println("doSomeOtherThings");
                break;
            default:
                System.out.println("doDefault");
                break;
        }
    }
}

How do I use the || operator in Java?

By Wayan in Basic, Core API 0 Comment

The || operator or conditional OR operator operates on two boolean expressions. This operator exhibit “short-circuiting” behavior, which means that the second operand is evaluated only if needed.

The || operator evaluate only boolean values. For an OR (||) expression it will return true if either of the operand is true. If the first operand resolves true, then the second operand will not evaluate, because the complete expression will return true.

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class ConditionalORDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // the second operand (5<3) is not evaluated, because the
        // first operand return true, the result of complete
        // expression will be true
        boolean a = (1 == 1) || (5 < 3);

        // the first operand return false, the second operand is
        // evaluated to check the result of the second expression.
        // If the second operand resolves to true, the complete
        // expression return true, otherwise return false.
        boolean b = (5 < 3) || (2 == 3);
        boolean c = (5 < 3) || (1 == 1);

        System.out.println("result a: " + a);
        System.out.println("result b: " + b);
        System.out.println("result c: " + c);
    }
}

The program prints the following output:

result a: true
result b: false
result c: true

How do I use the boolean negation (!) operator in Java?

By Wayan in Basic, Core API 0 Comment

The ! operator is a logical compliment operator. The operator inverts the value of a boolean expression.

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class NegationOperator {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // negate the result of boolean expressions
        boolean negate = !(2 < 3);
        boolean value = !false;

        System.out.println("result: " + negate);
        System.out.println("value : " + value);
    }
}

Here is the result of the program:

result: false
value : true

What is reference variable in Java?

By Wayan in Basic, Core API 6 Comments

The only way you can access an object is through a reference variable. A reference variable is declared to be of a specific type and that type can never be changed. Reference variables can be declared as static variables, instance variables, method parameters, or local variables.

A reference variable that is declared as final can’t never be reassigned to refer to a different object. The data within the object can be modified, but the reference variable cannot be changed.

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class ReferenceDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Declaration of Reference variable
        Reference ref1, ref2;

        // ref3 is declared final, ref3 can't be reassigned
        // or refer to different object
        final Reference ref3;

        // assign ref1 with object Reference
        ref1 = new Reference("This is the first reference variable", 1);

        // access method getNumber() of object Reference through
        // variable ref1
        int number = ref1.getNumber();
        System.out.println("number= " + number);

        // assign ref2 with object Reference
        ref2 = new Reference("This is the second reference variable", 2);

        // passing ref2 as method parameter of printText() method
        ReferenceDemo.printText(ref2);

        // assign ref3 with object Reference
        ref3 = new Reference("This is the third reference variable", 3);

        // try to reassign ref3 will cause a compile-time error
        // ref3 = new Reference("Try to reassign", 3);

    }

    public static void printText(Reference reference) {
        String text = reference.getText();
        System.out.println(text);
    }
}

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class Reference {
    private int number;
    private String text;

    Reference(String text, int number) {
        this.text = text;
        this.number = number;
    }

    public String getText() {
        return text;
    }

    public int getNumber() {
        return number;
    }
}

As you can see, learning Java is rather easy, as it is a well-structured programming language with many automated processes. All you need is dedication and a little free time. If you are still in school, a write my essay service can definitely help you with the latter.