How do I get response header from HTTP request?

package org.kodejava.net;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLConnection;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

public class HttpResponseHeaderDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            URL url = new URL("https://kodejava.org/index.php");
            URLConnection connection = url.openConnection();

            Map<String, List<String>> responseMap = connection.getHeaderFields();
            for (String key : responseMap.keySet()) {
                System.out.print(key + " = ");

                List<String> values = responseMap.get(key);
                for (String value : values) {
                    System.out.print(value + ", ");
                }
                System.out.println();
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

The result produced by the code above are:

null = HTTP/1.1 200 OK, 
Referrer-Policy = no-referrer-when-downgrade, 
Content-Length = 147566, 
Content-Type = text/html; charset=UTF-8, 
Connection = keep-alive, 
Date = Sun, 26 Sep 2021 03:59:06 GMT, 
Accept-Ranges = bytes, 
Vary = Accept-Encoding, Accept-Encoding, 
Link = <https://wp.me/8avgG>; rel=shortlink, <https://kodejava.org/wp-json/>; rel="https://api.w.org/",  

How do I create a URL object?

package org.kodejava.net;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.URL;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

public class URLDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            // Creating a url object by specifying each parameter separately, including
            // the protocol, hostname, port number, and the page name
            URL url = new URL("https", "kodejava.org", 443, "/index.php");

            // We can also specify the address in a single line
            url = new URL("https://kodejava.org:443/index.php");

            BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(
                    new InputStreamReader(url.openStream(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));

            String line;
            while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
                System.out.println(line);
            }

            reader.close();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

How do I read or download web page content?

You want to create a program that read a webpage content of a website page. The example below use the URL class to create a connection to the website. You create a new URL object and pass the URL information of a page. After the object created you can open a stream connection using the openStream() method of the URL object.

Next, you can read the stream using the BufferedReader object. This reader allows you to read line by line from the stream. To write it to a file create a writer using the BufferedWriter object and specify the file name where the downloaded page will be stored.

When all the content are read from the stream and stored in a file close the BufferedReader object and the BufferedWriter object at the end of your program.

package org.kodejava.net;

import java.io.*;
import java.net.URL;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

public class UrlReadPageDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            URL url = new URL("https://kodejava.org");

            BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(
                    new InputStreamReader(url.openStream(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
            BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(
                    new FileWriter("data.html", StandardCharsets.UTF_8));

            String line;
            while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
                System.out.println(line);
                writer.write(line);
                writer.newLine();
            }

            reader.close();
            writer.close();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

How do I display message in browser status bar?

In this applet example you’ll see how to display a message in browser status bar. To make the example a bit more interesting we’ll display the current time as the message. The time will be updated every on second during the lifetime of the applet.

package org.kodejava.applet;

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;

public class TimeApplet extends Applet implements Runnable {
    private DateFormat formatter = null;
    private Thread t = null;

    public void init() {
        formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("hh:mm:ss");
        t = new Thread(this);
    }

    public void start() {
        t.start();
    }

    public void stop() {
        t = null;
    }

    public void paint(Graphics g) {
        Date now = Calendar.getInstance().getTime();
        // Show the current time on the browser status bar
        this.showStatus(formatter.format(now));
    }

    public void run() {
        int delay = 1000;
        try {
            while (t == Thread.currentThread()) {
                // Repaint the applet every on second
                repaint();
                Thread.sleep(delay);
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

Here is the html for our applet container.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <title>Time Applet</title>
</head>

<body>
<applet
        code="org.kodejava.applet.TimeApplet"
        height="250"
        width="250">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
** Deprecated: The Applet API is deprecated since JDK 9, no replacement.

How do I remove duplicate element from array?

This example demonstrates you how to remove duplicate elements from an array using the help of java.util.HashSet class.

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

public class ArrayRemoveDuplicate {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // A string array with duplicate values.
        String[] data = {"A", "C", "B", "D", "A", "B", "E", "D", "B", "C"};
        System.out.println("Original array         : " + Arrays.toString(data));

        // Convert a string array into java.util.List because we need a list
        // object to create the java.util.Set object.
        List<String> list = Arrays.asList(data);

        // A set is a collection object that cannot have a duplicate values,
        // by converting the array to a set the duplicate value will be removed.
        Set<String> set = new HashSet<>(list);

        // Convert the java.util.Set back to array using the toArray() method of
        // the set object copy the value in the set to the defined array.
        String[] result = set.toArray(new String[0]);
        System.out.println("Array with no duplicate: " + Arrays.toString(result));
    }
}

The result of the code snippet above:

Original array         : [A, C, B, D, A, B, E, D, B, C]
Array with no duplicate: [A, B, C, D, E]

How do I convert Array to java.util.Set?

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.util.*;

public class ArrayToSetExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Integer[] numbers = {7, 7, 8, 9, 10, 8, 8, 9, 6, 5, 4};

        // To convert an array into a java.util.Set firstly we need to convert the
        // array into a java.util.List using the Arrays.asList() method. With the
        // List object created we can instantiate a new java.util.HashSet and pass
        // the list as the constructor parameter.
        List<Integer> numberList = Arrays.asList(numbers);
        Set<Integer> numberSet = new HashSet<>(numberList);

        // Or we can simply combine the line above into single line.
        Set<Integer> anotherNumberSet = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(numbers));

        // Display what we get in the set using iterator.
        for (Iterator<Integer> iterator = numberSet.iterator(); iterator.hasNext(); ) {
            Integer number = iterator.next();
            System.out.print(number + ", ");
        }

        // Display what we get in the set using for-each.
        for (Integer number : anotherNumberSet) {
            System.out.print(number + ", ");
        }
    }
}

How do I use the HashMap class?

This example demonstrate you how to use the HashMap class to store values in a key-value structure. In this example we store a map of error codes with their corresponding description. To store a value into the map we use the put(key, value) method and to get it back we use the get(key) method. And we can also iterate the map using the available key sets of the map.

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class HashMapDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Map<String, String> errors = new HashMap<>();

        // mapping some data in the map
        errors.put("404", "Resource not found");
        errors.put("403", "Access forbidden");
        errors.put("500", "General server error");

        // reading data from the map
        String errorDescription = errors.get("404");
        System.out.println("Error 404: " + errorDescription);

        // Iterating the map by the keys
        for (String key : errors.keySet()) {
            System.out.println("Error " + key + ": " + errors.get(key));
        }
    }
}

The result of the code snippet above:

Error 404: Resource not found
Error 500: General server error
Error 403: Access forbidden
Error 404: Resource not found

How do I generate a random array of numbers?

Using java.util.Random class we can create random data such as boolean, integer, floats, double. First you’ll need to create an instance of the Random class. This class has some next***() methods that can randomly create the data.

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Random;

public class RandomDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Random r = new Random();

        // generate some random boolean values
        boolean[] booleans = new boolean[10];
        for (int i = 0; i < booleans.length; i++) {
            booleans[i] = r.nextBoolean();
        }
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(booleans));

        // generate a uniformly distributed int random numbers
        int[] integers = new int[10];
        for (int i = 0; i < integers.length; i++) {
            integers[i] = r.nextInt();
        }
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(integers));

        // generate a uniformly distributed float random numbers
        float[] floats = new float[10];
        for (int i = 0; i < floats.length; i++) {
            floats[i] = r.nextFloat();
        }
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(floats));

        // generate a Gaussian normally distributed random numbers
        double[] doubles = new double[10];
        for (int i = 0; i < doubles.length; i++) {
            doubles[i] = r.nextGaussian();
        }
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(doubles));
    }
}

The result of the code snippet above are:

[true, true, false, true, false, true, true, false, false, true]
[34195704, 1462972230, -475641915, -1531017612, 332184915, 1555901473, -276309016, 1433394157, -451221924, -1178823255]
[0.3040716, 0.28814012, 0.34028566, 0.021003246, 0.49158317, 0.37954164, 0.5403056, 0.54187375, 0.7157934, 0.5964742]
[1.051268591002577, -1.1283332046139989, 0.8351395528722437, -0.24598168031182968, 0.7123515366756693, -0.9661681996105319, -1.6107009669125059, 0.43994917963255387, 1.1309345726165914, 1.2321618489324313]

For an example to create random number using the Math.random() method see How do I create random number?.

How do I reverse a string by word?

In the other examples on this website you might have seen how to reverse a string using StringBuffer, StringUtils from Apache Commons Lang library or using the CharacterIterator.

In this example you’ll see another way that you can use to reverse a string by word. Here we use the StringTokenizer and the Stack class.

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.util.Stack;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

public class ReverseStringByWord {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // The string that we'll reverse
        String text = "Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz";

        // We use StringTokenize to get each word of the string. You might try
        // to use the String.split() method if you want.
        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(text, " ");

        // To reverse it we can use the Stack class, which implements the LIFO
        // (last-in-first-out).
        Stack<String> stack = new Stack<>();
        while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
            stack.push(st.nextToken());
        }

        // Print each word in reverse order
        while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
            System.out.print(stack.pop() + " ");
        }
    }
}

How do I convert varargs to an array?

Varargs can be seen as a simplification of array when we need to pass a multiple value as a method parameter. Varargs itself is an array that automatically created, for these reason you will be enabled to do things you can do with array to varargs.

In the example below you can see the messages parameter can be assigned to the String array variables, we can call the length method to the messages parameter as we do with the array. So actually you don’t need to convert varargs to array because varargs is array.

package org.kodejava.lang;

public class VarargsToArray {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        printMessage("Hello ", "there", ", ", "how ", "are ", "you", "?");
    }

    public static void printMessage(String... messages) {
        String[] copiedMessage = messages;
        for (int i = 0; i < messages.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(copiedMessage[i]);
        }
    }
}