How do I declare and initialize local variable?

Local variables are variables that are not fields of a class. A function or method often store its temporary state in local variables. Local variables only visible to the methods in which they are declared.

Local variables must be declared and initialized before it used for the first time. Local variables will not get a default value if you do not initialize it and could cause a compile-time error.

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class LocalVariableExample {
    // it's okay if total variable does not initialize.
    // it will initialize with default value = 0.
    int total;

    public static int add() {
        // this will cause compile-time error if does not initialize
        int x = 1, y = 2;

        // z is assigned by the calculation result of x + y
        int z = x + y;
        return z;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LocalVariableExample lve = new LocalVariableExample();
        // assigns total with the result of add() method execution
        lve.total = add();
        System.out.println("total= " + lve.total);
    }
}

How do I create static variables in Java?

Class variables or static variables are variables that are declared with static modifier. A given class will have only one copy of each of its static variables, regardless of how many times the class has been instantiated.

If the value of a static variable is changed, the new value is available equally in all instances of the class. The final keyword could be added to indicate the value of static variable will never change.

If you try to assign a new value to final variable, you will get a compile error.

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class StaticDemo {
    // static variable with final value that never change
    final static int Y = 20;
    // static variable
    static int x = 12;
    // non-static variable
    int z;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        StaticDemo sd0 = new StaticDemo();

        System.out.println("x before update = " + StaticDemo.x);
        System.out.println("y= " + StaticDemo.Y);

        sd0.z = StaticDemo.x + StaticDemo.Y;
        System.out.println("z= " + sd0.z);

        StaticDemo.x = 15;
        System.out.println("x after update = " + StaticDemo.x);

        StaticDemo sd1 = new StaticDemo();
        StaticDemo sd2 = new StaticDemo();
        StaticDemo.x = 20;

        System.out.println("StaticDemo.x = " + StaticDemo.x);
        System.out.println("sd0 = " + sd0.getX());
        System.out.println("sd1 = " + sd1.getX());
        System.out.println("sd2 = " + sd2.getX());

        //
        // try to assign value to final variable, it will cause a
        // compile time error
        //
        // StaticDemo.Y = 30;
    }

    public int getX() {
        return StaticDemo.x;
    }
}

Here is the output printed by the program:

x before update = 12
y= 20
z= 32
x after update = 15
StaticDemo.x = 20
sd0 = 20
sd1 = 20
sd2 = 20

How do I use the final keyword in Java?

The final modifier is used to mark a class final so that it cannot be extended, to prevent a method being overridden, and to prevent changing the value of a variable. Arguments of a method if declared as final is also can not be modified within the method.

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class FinalExample {
    // breed is declared final.
    // can't change the value assigned to breed
    public final String breed = "pig";
    private int count = 0;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FinalExample fe = new FinalExample();
        // assign a value to breed variable will cause a
        // compile-time error
        //
        // fe.breed = "dog";

        int number = fe.count(20);
    }

    // sound() method is declared final, so it can't be overridden
    public final void sound() {
        System.out.println("oink oink");
    }

    // number parameter is declared final. can't change the value
    // assigned to number
    public int count(final int number) {
        // assign a value to number variable will cause a
        // compile-time error
        //
        // number = 1;

        count = +number;
        return count;
    }
}

final class SubFinalExample extends FinalExample {

    // try to override sound() method of superclass will cause a
    // compile-time error
    //
    // public void sound() {
    //     System.out.println("oink");
    // }
}

// try to inherit a class that declared final will cause a
// compile-time error
//
class OtherFinalExample extends SubFinalExample {
}

How do I create constructors for a class?

Every class in Java has a constructor. constructor is a method that is used to create an instance or object of the class. Every time you create an instance, you must invoke a constructor.

If you do not create a constructor method of your class, the compiler will build a default one. A default constructors is a constructor that accept no argument.

Things to be noted when you declare a constructor:

  • Constructor must have the same name as the class in which they are declared.
  • Constructor can’t have a return type.
  • Constructor can have access modifier.
  • Constructor can take arguments.
  • Constructor can’t be marked static.
  • Constructor can’t be marked final or abstract.
package org.kodejava.basic;

public class ConstructorDemo {
    private String arg;
    private int x;
    private int y;

    public ConstructorDemo() {
    }

    public ConstructorDemo(String arg) {
        this.arg = arg;
    }

    public ConstructorDemo(int x) {
        this.x = x;
    }

    public ConstructorDemo(int x, int y) {
        this.y = y;
    }
}

class RunConstructor {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Change the default constructor from private to public in
        // the ConstructorDemo class above then call the statement 
        // below. It will create an instance object cons0 without 
        // any error.
        ConstructorDemo cons0 = new ConstructorDemo();

        // Change the default constructor back to private, then call 
        // the statement below. ConstructorDemo() is not visible 
        // because it declared as private.
        ConstructorDemo cons1 = new ConstructorDemo();

        // invoke Constructor(String arg)
        ConstructorDemo cons2 = new ConstructorDemo("constructor");

        // invoke public Constructor(int x)
        ConstructorDemo cons3 = new ConstructorDemo(1);

        //invoke Constructor(int x, int y)
        ConstructorDemo cons4 = new ConstructorDemo(1, 2);
    }

}

How do I overload methods in Java?

Method overloading allows a method to use the same name or identifier as the method name as long as the argument list is different. Java can differentiate each method by their method signatures. For example to print some value you can create a print method that accept different kind of objects or values as its parameters.

Overloaded method is differentiated by the number and the type of argument they accept. The print(String string) and print(int number) are distinct and unique due to their argument type.

The compiler does not count a return type as a method differentiator. So it is not legal to create a method with the same name, the same number, the same type of argument but with a different return type.

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class OverloadedExample {
    public void print(Object object) {
        System.out.println("object = " + object);
    }

    public void print(String string) {
        System.out.println("string = " + string);
    }

    public void print(int number) {
        System.out.println("number = " + number);
    }

    public void print(float number) {
        System.out.println("number = " + number);
    }

    public void print(double number) {
        System.out.println("number = " + number);
    }
}

How do I invoke superclass constructor?

This example shows you how to use the super keyword to call a superclass constructor. The Female class constructor calls its superclass constructor and initializes its own initialization parameters. The call to the superclass constructor must be done in the first line of the constructor in the subclass.

package org.kodejava.example.fundamental;

public class Human {
    private String gender;
    private int age;

    public Human(String gender) {
        this.gender = gender;
    }
}

To call a superclass constructor we call super(). In the case below we call the superclass constructor with one string variable as a parameter.

package org.kodejava.example.fundamental;

public class Female extends Human {
    private String hairStyle;

    public Female(String hairStyle, String gender) {
        super(gender);
        this.hairStyle = hairStyle;
    }
}

How do I create and implement abstract class?

Abstract class is a class that have one or more methods declared, but not defined. Abstract class cannot have instances. This class uses in inheritance to take advantage of polymorphism. To declare that a class is abstract, use the abstract keyword in front of the class keyword in the class definition.

Methods in abstract class that have no definition are called abstract methods. The declaration for an abstract method ends with a semicolon and you specify the method with the abstract keyword to identify it as such. The implementation is left to the sub classes.

package org.kodejava.example.fundamental;

public abstract class Animal {
    private String species;

    public Animal(String species) {
        this.species = species;
    }

    public abstract void makeASound();

    public String getSpecies() {
        return species;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Animal pig = new Pig("Warthog");
        pig.makeASound();
    }
}

The Pig class extends the Animal class. Because the Animal class contains an abstract method makeASound() the Pig class must implements this method or else the Pig will also become an abstract class.

package org.kodejava.example.fundamental;

public class Pig extends Animal {

    public Pig(String species) {
        super(species);
    }

    @Override
    public void makeASound() {
        System.out.println("oink oink");
    }
}

How do I override a method in Java?

If a subclass has a method that have the same signature with a method in its superclass, then it’s an overriding method. Override inherited methods allow subclasses to provide specialized implementation for those methods. The overriding method has the same name, number and type of arguments, and return value as the method it overrides.

The overriding method can have a different throws clause as long as it doesn’t specify any types not specified by the throws clause in the overridden method. Also, the access specifier for the overriding method can allow more but not less access than the overridden method.

For example, a protected method in the superclass can be made public but not private. A subclass cannot override methods that are declared final in the superclass. A subclass must override methods that are declared abstract in the superclass, or the subclass itself must be abstract.

package org.kodejava.example.fundamental;

public class Car {
    private String type;
    private String brand;
    private String model;
    private int numberOfSeat;

    public Car() {
    }

    public Car(String type, String brand, String model) {
        this.type = type;
        this.brand = brand;
        this.model = model;
    }

    public String getType() {
        return type;
    }

    public void setType(String type) {
        this.type = type;
    }

    public String getBrand() {
        return brand;
    }

    public void setBrand(String brand) {
        this.brand = brand;
    }

    public String getModel() {
        return model;
    }

    public void setModel(String model) {
        this.model = model;
    }

    public int getNumberOfSeat() {
        return numberOfSeat;
    }

    public void setNumberOfSeat(int numberOfSeat) {
        this.numberOfSeat = numberOfSeat;
    }

    public String getCarInfo() {
        return"Type: " + type
                + "; Brand: " + brand
                + "; Model: " + model;
    }
}

In the Truck class we override the getCarInfo() method to provide more information about the truck object. We can also add an @Override annotation to an overriding method.

package org.kodejava.example.fundamental;

public class Truck extends Car {
    private int loadCapacity;

    public Truck() {
    }

    public Truck(String type, String brand, String model) {
        super(type, brand, model);
    }

    public int getLoadCapacity() {
        return loadCapacity;
    }

    public void setLoadCapacity(int loadCapacity) {
        this.loadCapacity = loadCapacity;
    }

    @Override
    public String getCarInfo() {
        return "Type: " + getType()
                + "; Brand: " + getBrand()
                + "; Model: " + getModel()
                + "; Load capacity: " + getLoadCapacity();
    }
}

How do I declare and initialize variable?

Variable is a field in which object store its state. It also an allocations for the placement of data in memory. When the statement of variable declaration is compiled, some bytes of memory will be allocated for the variable. The size is determined by the type of variable.

One variable definition is able to store data only of one particular type. Before it can use, the variable must be declared. The name and type of variable must be specified in variable declaration. If you want the variable to have an initial value, you must specify your own value in the declaration.

You can assign a value into variable by using an assignment statement. The assignment operator is =.

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class VariableExample {
    // declares a double variable number1 and total
    private double number1, total;

    // declares a double variable and initializes its value to 10000
    private double number2 = 1000;


    public static void main(String[] args) {
        VariableExample ve = new VariableExample();

        // assigns a value to variable number1
        ve.number1 = 500;

        // assigns the calculation result of number1 + number2 to 
        // total
        ve.total = ve.number1 + ve.number2;
        System.out.println(ve.total);
    }
}

How do I use the super keyword?

When a class extends from other class, the class or usually called as subclass inherits all the accessible members and methods of the superclass. If the subclass overrides a method provided by its superclass, a way to access the method defined in the superclass is through the super keyword.

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class Bike {
    public void moveForward() {
        System.out.println("Bike: Move Forward.");
    }
}

In the ThreeWheelsBike‘s moveForward() method we call the overridden method using the super.moveForward() which will print the message from the Bike class.

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class ThreeWheelsBike extends Bike {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Bike bike = new ThreeWheelsBike();
        bike.moveForward();
    }

    @Override
    public void moveForward() {
        super.moveForward();
        System.out.println("Three Wheels Bike: Move Forward.");
    }
}