How do I use Map.of() factory method to create a map object?

By Wayan in Util Package 0 Comment

In Java, the Map.of() factory method can be used to create an unmodifiable map of specified key-value pairs. This method is available in Java 9 and later versions.

Creating a map is a bit more complicated than creating lists or sets. Because we need to provide keys and values when creating a map. When using the Map.of() factory method we set the content of the map by alternating between the keys and values of the map.

Consider the following example:

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.util.Map;

public class MapOfExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Map<String, Integer> map = Map.of("John", 25, "Mary", 30, "Alice", 27, "Rosa", 22);

        for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry : map.entrySet()) {
            System.out.println(entry.getKey() + " : " + entry.getValue());
        }
    }
}

Output:

Rosa : 22
Mary : 30
John : 25
Alice : 27

In the example above, the Map.of("John", 25, "Mary", 30, "Alice", 27, "Rosa", 22) statement creates an unmodifiable map with three key-value pairs. After the map is created, any attempt to modify the map (add, update or remove elements) will throw an UnsupportedOperationException.

Note that Map.of() doesn’t accept null keys or values. If a null key or value is provided, then a NullPointerException is thrown. Besides, if duplicate keys are provided, an IllegalArgumentException is thrown.

The Map.of() method is overloaded to accept up to 10 key-value pairs. If there are more than 10 pairs, you can use Map.ofEntries() factory method to create a map. This is how we use it:

Map<String, Integer> map = Map.ofEntries(
    Map.entry("John", 25),
    Map.entry("Mary", 30),
    Map.entry("Alice", 27),
    Map.entry("Bob", 32),
    // ...
);

for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry : map.entrySet()) {
    System.out.println(entry.getKey() + " : " + entry.getValue());
}

Map.entry() is another factory method provided to create Map.Entry object.

How do I use Set.of() factory method to create a set object?

By Wayan in Util Package 0 Comment

As with List.of(), in Java 9, the Set.of() factory method can be used to create an unmodifiable set of specified elements.

Here is a simple example:

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.util.Set;

public class SetOfExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Set<String> names = Set.of("Rosa", "John", "Mary", "Alice");

        for (String name : names) {
            System.out.println(name);
        }
    }
}

Output:

John
Rosa
Alice
Mary

In this example, the Set.of("Rosa", "John", "Mary", "Alice") statement creates an unmodifiable set of strings containing “Rosa”, “John”, “Mary”, and “Alice”. The resulting set is unmodifiable, so attempting to add, update, or remove elements from it will throw an UnsupportedOperationException.

If you try to create a Set by providing a duplicate elements, an IllegalArgumentException will be thrown. A Set is a type of collection container that cannot have duplicate values in it.

Note that the Set.of() method doesn’t accept null values. If you try to insert a null value, it will throw a NullPointerException. If you add a null value using the add() method UnsupportedOperationException will be thrown.

Set.of() is overloaded similarly to List.of(), allowing you to create a set with varying numbers of elements. The below examples demonstrate the use of Set.of() with different numbers of arguments:

Set<String> a = Set.of(); // An empty set
Set<String> b = Set.of("One"); // A set with one element
Set<String> c = Set.of("One", "Two"); // A set with two elements
// ...
Set<String> j = Set.of("One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five", "Six", "Seven", "Eight", "Nine", "Ten"); // A set with ten elements

If you need to create a set with more than 10 elements, Set.of() offers an overloaded version that accepts an array or varargs:

Set<String> set = Set.of("One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five", "Six", "Seven", "Eight", "Nine", "Ten", "Eleven");

Remember that sets created with Set.of() are unmodifiable. Attempting to add, remove or change an element in these sets after their creation causes an UnsupportedOperationException.

Also, Set.of() doesn’t allow duplicate or null elements. If you pass duplicate or null values, it will throw IllegalArgumentException and NullPointerException respectively.

How do I use List.of() factory method to create a list object?

By Wayan in Util Package 0 Comment

In Java, you can use the List.of() factory method to create an unmodifiable List consisting of specified elements. This method is available from Java 9 onwards.

Here is a simple example:

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.util.List;

public class ListOfExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<String> names = List.of("Rosa", "John", "Mary", "Alice");

        for (String name : names) {
            System.out.println(name);
        }

        names.add("Bob"); // throws java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException
    }
}

In the code above, we have created a list of names including “Rosa”, “John”, “Mary”, and “Alice”. This newly created list is unmodifiable, so attempting to add, update, or remove elements from it will throw an UnsupportedOperationException.

There are several overloaded versions of the List.of() method that each accept different numbers of arguments. The versions range from no argument (which creates an empty list) to 10 explicit arguments of type E. Here’s an example:

List<String> a = List.of(); // An empty list
List<String> b = List.of("One"); // A list with one element
List<String> c = List.of("One", "Two"); // A list with two elements
// ...
List<String> j = List.of("One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five", "Six", "Seven", "Eight", "Nine", "Ten"); // A list with ten elements

However, if we need to create a list with more than 10 elements, we have another overloaded version of List.of() method which accepts an array or varargs.

List<String> list = List.of("One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five", "Six", "Seven", "Eight", "Nine", "Ten", "Eleven");

Remember that these lists are unmodifiable. That means, if you try to modify the list (add, update, or remove elements) after they have been created, an UnsupportedOperationException will be thrown. Also, List.of() doesn’t allow null elements. If you pass null, it will throw UnsupportedOperationException.

How do I create beans through factory method?

By Wayan in Spring Core 0 Comment

This example show you how to create a bean using factory method in Spring Framework. We will use a singleton as an example. An instance of a singleton can be obtained only from a factory method because a singleton will have a private constructor, so it will not be possible to create an instance of this class from outside the singleton itself.

Here is our singleton bean will look like. To get an instance of it we will need to call the getInstance() method.

package org.kodejava.spring.core;

public class Singleton {

    /**
     * Private constructor.
     */
    private Singleton() {
    }

    /**
     * Get an instance of Singleton class.
     *
     * @return an instance of Singleton class.
     */
    public static Singleton getInstance() {
        return SingletonHolder.instance;
    }

    /**
     * Do something.
     */
    public void doSomething() {
        System.out.println("Singleton.doSomething");
    }

    private static class SingletonHolder {
        static Singleton instance = new Singleton();
    }
}

Next, we will create a spring configuration file. At it simplest a bean in the configuration file will have an id and a class. To tell the spring container to create the bean using a factory method we must use the factory-method attribute of the bean element.

Here is our configuration file and we name it factory-method.xml.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <bean id="singleton" class="org.kodejava.spring.core.Singleton" factory-method="getInstance"/>

</beans>

Let’s now run our program below:

package org.kodejava.spring.core;

import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class FactoryMethodDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try (ClassPathXmlApplicationContext context =
                     new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("factory-method.xml")) {
            Singleton instance = (Singleton) context.getBean("singleton");
            instance.doSomething();
        }
    }
}

Maven Dependencies

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
        <version>5.3.23</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>
        <version>5.3.23</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-context-support</artifactId>
        <version>5.3.23</version>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

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