How do I throw exceptions in Java?

By I Wayan Saryada in Basic, Core API 0 Comment

The exceptions that you catch in a try-catch block must have been raised by a method that you’ve called. You can raise an exception with a statement that consists of the throw keyword, followed by an exception object. This exception object is an instance of any subclass of the Throwable class.

In the example below we have two static methods that throws exception. The first method, throwException() will throw an ArithmethicException when the divider is a zero value integer. The second method, printDate(Date date) will throw a NullPointerException if the date parameter value is null.

package org.kodejava.basic;

import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

public class ThrowExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            ThrowExample.throwException();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        try {
            ThrowExample.printDate(null);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    public static void throwException() {
        int x = 6;
        int[] numbers = {3, 2, 1, 0};

        for (int y : numbers) {
            if (y == 0) {
                // Throws an ArithmeticException when about to
                // divide by zero.
                String message = String.format(
                        "x = %d; y = %d; a division by zero.",
                        x, y);
                throw new ArithmeticException(message);
            } else {
                int z = x / y;
                System.out.println("z = " + z);
            }
        }
    }

    public static void printDate(Date date) {
        if (date == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Date cannot be null.");
        }
        DateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yyyy");
        System.out.println("Date: " + df.format(date));
    }
}

The output of our code:

z = 2
z = 3
z = 6
java.lang.ArithmeticException: x = 6; y = 0; a division by zero.
    at org.kodejava.basic.ThrowExample.throwException(ThrowExample.java:33)
    at org.kodejava.basic.ThrowExample.main(ThrowExample.java:10)
java.lang.NullPointerException: Date cannot be null.
    at org.kodejava.basic.ThrowExample.printDate(ThrowExample.java:43)
    at org.kodejava.basic.ThrowExample.main(ThrowExample.java:16)

How do I catch multiple exceptions?

By I Wayan Saryada in Basic, Core API 0 Comment

If a try block can throw several kind of exceptions, and you want to handle each exception differently, you can put several catch blocks to handle it.

package org.kodejava.basic;

public class MultipleCatchExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] numbers1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
        int[] numbers2 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};

        try {
            // This line throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
            MultipleCatchExample.printResult(numbers1);

            // This line throws an ArithmeticException
            MultipleCatchExample.printResult(numbers2);
        } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            System.out.println("Finally block is always executed.");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Divide the given first number by the second number.
     *
     * @param x the first number.
     * @param y the second number.
     * @return the result of division.
     */
    private static int divide(int x, int y) {
        return x / y;
    }

    /**
     * Print the output result of divide operation by calling the
     * divide() method.
     *
     * @param numbers integer arrays of the divided number
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException when an exception
     *                                        occurs.
     */
    private static void printResult(int[] numbers) {
        int x, z, y = 1;
        for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
            x = numbers[i];
            if (i == 5) {
                y = 0;
            }
            z = MultipleCatchExample.divide(x, y);
            System.out.println("z = " + z);
        }
    }
}

How do I use the throws keyword to declare method exceptions?

By I Wayan Saryada in Basic, Core API 0 Comment

The throws keyword is used in method declarations to specify which exceptions are not handled within the method body but rather passed to the next higher level of the program. All uncaught exceptions in a method that are not instances of RuntimeException must be declared using the throws keyword.

In the example below you could see that the getConnection() method can cause a ClassNotFoundException when the driver class cannot be found and an SQLException when it fails to initiate a connection to database.

On the other end, the main() method which call the getConnection() method should catch all the exception throws by the getConnection() method in its body.

package org.kodejava.basic;

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class ThrowsExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Connection connection = null;

        try {
            // Might throw ClassNotFoundException or SQLException
            // that's why we should catch them.
            connection = getConnection();
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            System.out.println("Finally is always executed");
            System.out.println("Close connection");
            try {
                if (connection != null && !connection.isClosed()) {
                    connection.close();
                }
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                System.out.println("Sql exception caught");
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get database connection.
     *
     * @return Connection
     * @throws ClassNotFoundException when driver class is not found.
     * @throws SQLException           when database error occurs.
     */
    private static Connection getConnection()
            throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException {

        Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
        return DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost/kodejava",
                "root", "");
    }
}

Without adding the database driver it will get the following exception:

java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
    at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.BuiltinClassLoader.loadClass(BuiltinClassLoader.java:641)
    at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.ClassLoaders$AppClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoaders.java:188)
    at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:520)
    at java.base/java.lang.Class.forName0(Native Method)
    at java.base/java.lang.Class.forName(Class.java:375)
    at org.kodejava.basic.ThrowsExample.getConnection(ThrowsExample.java:40)
    at org.kodejava.basic.ThrowsExample.main(ThrowsExample.java:14)
Finally is always executed
Close connection

How do I render boolean value as checkbox in JTable component?

By I Wayan Saryada in Swing 1 Comment

To make a JTable renders a boolean as a checkbox in the table cell we need to tell the table that a cell stores a boolean type of data. To do this we have to implement a TableModel for the JTable component.

TableModel‘s getColumnClass(int columnIndex) must return the type of data stored in a cell. When it returns that the column stored a Boolean data, JTable displays a checkbox as the default renderer or editor for that cell.

package org.kodejava.swing;

import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.table.AbstractTableModel;
import java.awt.*;

public class JTableBooleanAsCheckbox extends JPanel {
    public JTableBooleanAsCheckbox() {
        initializeUI();
    }

    public static void showFrame() {
        JPanel panel = new JTableBooleanAsCheckbox();
        panel.setOpaque(true);

        JFrame frame = new JFrame("JTable Boolean as Checkbox");
        frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        frame.setContentPane(panel);
        frame.pack();
        frame.setVisible(true);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(JTableBooleanAsCheckbox::showFrame);
    }

    private void initializeUI() {
        setLayout(new BorderLayout());
        setPreferredSize(new Dimension(500, 500));

        JTable table = new JTable(new BooleanTableModel());
        table.setFillsViewportHeight(true);
        JScrollPane pane = new JScrollPane(table);
        add(pane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
    }

    static class BooleanTableModel extends AbstractTableModel {
        String[] columns = {"STUDENT ID", "NAME", "SCORE", "PASSED"};
        Object[][] data = {
                {"S001", "ALICE", 90.00, Boolean.TRUE},
                {"S002", "BOB", 45.50, Boolean.FALSE},
                {"S003", "CAROL", 60.00, Boolean.FALSE},
                {"S004", "MALLORY", 75.80, Boolean.TRUE}
        };

        public int getRowCount() {
            return data.length;
        }

        public int getColumnCount() {
            return columns.length;
        }

        public Object getValueAt(int rowIndex, int columnIndex) {
            return data[rowIndex][columnIndex];
        }

        @Override
        public String getColumnName(int column) {
            return columns[column];
        }

        // This method is used by the JTable to define the default
        // renderer or editor for each cell. For example if you have
        // a boolean data it will be rendered as a checkbox. A
        // number value is right aligned.
        @Override
        public Class<?> getColumnClass(int columnIndex) {
            return data[0][columnIndex].getClass();
        }
    }
}

Here is the result of the program:

JTable render Boolean as Checkbox

JTable render Boolean as Checkbox

How do I right-align numbers data in JTable component?

By I Wayan Saryada in Swing 0 Comment

To right-align numbers type of data in JTable cells we need to implements a TableModel. The TableModel‘s interface getColumnClass(int index) implementation return the class of the cell values, this information is used by JTable component to setup a default renderer and editor for the column.

package org.kodejava.swing;

import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.table.AbstractTableModel;
import java.awt.*;

public class JTableNumberRightAlign extends JPanel {
    public JTableNumberRightAlign() {
        initializeUI();
    }

    public static void showFrame() {
        JPanel panel = new JTableNumberRightAlign();
        panel.setOpaque(true);

        JFrame frame = new JFrame("JTable Number Align");
        frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        frame.setContentPane(panel);
        frame.pack();
        frame.setVisible(true);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(JTableNumberRightAlign::showFrame);
    }

    private void initializeUI() {
        setLayout(new BorderLayout());
        setPreferredSize(new Dimension(500, 500));

        JTable table = new JTable(new NumberTableModel());
        table.setFillsViewportHeight(true);

        JScrollPane pane = new JScrollPane(table);
        add(pane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
    }

    static class NumberTableModel extends AbstractTableModel {
        String[] columns = {"STUDENT ID", "NAME", "YEARS", "SCORE"};
        Object[][] data = {
                {"S001", "ALICE", 10, 8.75},
                {"S002", "BOB", 10, 7.50},
                {"S003", "CAROL", 10, 9.00},
                {"S004", "MALLORY", 10, 8.50}
        };

        public int getRowCount() {
            return data.length;
        }

        public int getColumnCount() {
            return columns.length;
        }

        @Override
        public String getColumnName(int column) {
            return columns[column];
        }

        public Object getValueAt(int rowIndex, int columnIndex) {
            return data[rowIndex][columnIndex];
        }

        // This method is used by the JTable to define the default
        // renderer or editor for each cell. For example if you have
        // a boolean data it will be rendered as a checkbox. A
        // number value is right aligned.
        @Override
        public Class<?> getColumnClass(int columnIndex) {
            return data[0][columnIndex].getClass();
        }
    }
}

Here is the result of the program:

JTable Number Right Align

JTable Number Right Align