How do I use Collectors.minBy() method?

By Wayan in Java 8, Stream API 0 Comment

The Collectors.minBy() method in Java 8 is used to find the minimum element from a stream of elements based on a certain comparator. It returns an Optional describing the minimum element of the stream, or an empty Optional if the stream is empty.

Here’s an example of how to use Collectors.minBy(). Assume we have a list of integers, and we want to find the smallest element.

package org.kodejava.stream;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class CollectorsMinBy {
    public static void main(String... args) {
        List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

        Optional<Integer> min = numbers.stream()
                .collect(Collectors.minBy(Integer::compare));

        min.ifPresent(System.out::println);
    }
}

In this code:

  • We have a list of integers.
  • We create a Stream from the list and collect the stream into an Optional that might hold the minimum value via the Collectors.minBy(Integer::compare) collector.
  • Integer::compare is a method reference that is used to instruct Collectors.minBy() on how to compare the integers.
  • min.ifPresent(System.out::println) checks if the Optional has a value. If it does, the value is passed to the System.out::println method and printed to the console.

When run, this program prints the smallest number in our list, which is “1”.

Note that if the list is empty, min will hold an empty Optional, and min.ifPresent(System.out::println) will not print anything.

Here’s another example of how you can use the Collectors.minBy() method to find the object containing the minimum value for a certain property. Let’s assume we have a Person class and a list of Person objects, and we want to find which Person has the smallest age.

package org.kodejava.stream;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class CollectorsMinByObjectProperty {
    public static void main(String... args) {
        List<Person> people = Arrays.asList(
                new Person("Rosa", 21),
                new Person("Bob", 25),
                new Person("Alice", 18),
                new Person("John", 22));

        Optional<Person> youngestPerson = people.stream()
                .collect(Collectors.minBy(Comparator.comparingInt(Person::getAge)));

        youngestPerson.ifPresent(System.out::println);
    }

    static class Person {
        String name;
        int age;

        Person(String name, int age) {
            this.name = name;
            this.age = age;
        }

        public int getAge() {
            return age;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Person{" +
                   "name='" + name + '\'' +
                   ", age=" + age +
                   '}';
        }
    }
}

Output:

Person{name='Alice', age=18}

In this code:

  • The Person class has two fields, name and age, and a getter for the age field.
  • We have a list of Person objects.
  • We create a Stream from the list and then use Collectors.minBy() to find the Person with the smallest age. To do this, we use Comparator.comparingInt(Person::getAge), which compares the Person objects based on their age.
  • Collectors.minBy() returns an Optional that might hold the Person with the smallest age.
  • If such a Person exists, we print that Person using System.out::println.

This program prints: Person{name='Alice', age=18}, as Alice is the person with the smallest age.

How do I use Collectors.counting() method?

By Wayan in Java 8, Stream API 0 Comment

The Collectors.counting() method is a terminal operation that returns the count of elements in the particular stream where it is used. This is part of the java.util.stream.Collectors in Java 8.

Here is a simple example of how to use Collectors.counting(). Suppose we have a list of strings, and we want to count the number of elements in it.

package org.kodejava.stream;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class CollectorsCounting {
    public static void main(String... args) {
        List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Rosa", "Bob", "Alice", "Dave", "John");

        long count = names.stream()
                .collect(Collectors.counting());

        System.out.println("Count: " + count);
    }
}

Output:

Count: 5

In this code:

  • We have a list of names.
  • We create a stream from this list using the .stream() method.
  • We count the elements of the stream using .collect(Collectors.counting()), which returns the number of elements in the stream.
  • Finally, we print the count.

When we run the program, we will get the output “Count: 5”, because there are five elements in the list.

The Collectors.counting() method is often used in conjunction with other methods like Collectors.groupingBy() to perform more complex operations like counting the number of elements in each group.

How do I use Collectors.toCollection() method?

By Wayan in Java 8, Stream API 0 Comment

The Collectors.toCollection() method is a static method in the java.util.stream.Collectors class of Java 8. This method is used with streams when you want to convert a list to another collection type.

Here’s a simple example of how to use the method:

package org.kodejava.stream;

import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class CollectorsToCollection {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<String> list = 
                Arrays.asList("Java", "Kotlin", "Python", "Scala", "Kotlin");

        // Convert List to TreeSet
        TreeSet<String> treeSet = list.stream()
                .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));

        System.out.println(treeSet);
    }
}

Output:

[Java, Kotlin, Python, Scala]

In this code:

  • We have a List of Strings.
  • We convert this list into a TreeSet.
  • Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new) is the collector that collects the data from the stream into a new TreeSet.
  • The method referenced by TreeSet::new is a constructor reference that creates a new empty TreeSet.

The output of the program will be the TreeSet containing the elements of the list.

Keep in mind that a TreeSet automatically orders its elements (in this case, alphabetically since the elements are Strings) and does not allow duplicates. So, if the list had duplicate values, and you wanted to maintain them in your new collection, you would need to choose a different type of Set or use a List.

How does Base64 encoding work?

By Wayan in Util Package 0 Comment

Base64 encoding scheme is designed to encode binary data, especially when that data needs to be stored and transferred over media that designed to deal with text. Base64 encoding helps to ensure that the data remains intact without modification during transport.

Base64 is a group of similar binary-to-text encoding schemes that represent binary data in an ASCII string format by translating it into a radix-64 representation. Base64 is used commonly in a number of applications including email via MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions), and storing complex data in XML or JSON.

Radix-64 refers to a numeral system that uses 64 unique characters to represent data. In the case of Base64 encoding, the 64 characters are typically the uppercase letters A–Z, the lowercase letters a–z, the numerals 0–9, and an additional two characters, usually + and /. These characters are used to encode data into a text format that can be safely transferred over various systems designed to handle text data.

Here’s a brief overview of how the Base64 encoding process works:

  • Take the input data (which is binary data). For example, we have the text “Hello”. Each character is converted into their ASCII code.
  • Split the input data into chunks of 24 bits (3 bytes). If the input is not divisible by 24, it is padded with zeros on the right to make up a full chunk.
ASCII H = 72 e = 101 l = 108 l = 108 o = 111
Binary 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111
  • Each chunk of 24 bits is then split into four chunks of 6 bits.
6-bits 010010 000110 010101 101100
Value 18 6 21 44
6-bits 011011 000110 111100 [00 = PAD]
Value 27 6 60
  • Each 6-bit chunk is then mapped to an encoded character using an index table (below), which is a set of 64 distinct characters—these are A–Z, a–z, 0–9, + and / in the Base64 alphabet.
Value 18 6 21 44 27 6 60
Encoding S G V s b G 8
  • If the last 8-bit block (third block for normal Base64 encoding) had the padding zero bits, the output of the corresponding 6-bit block (fourth block for normal Base64 encoding) is replaced with one = symbol. If the second 8-bit block also had padding zeros, then fourth, and third blocks of Base64 encoding will have = symbols.
Value 18 6 21 44 27 6 60 PAD
Encoding S G V s b G 8 =
  • The output is the encoded string.
SGVsbG8=

This process can be reversed to decode a Base64 string back into the original binary data.

Do note, though, while Base64 can encode any binary data, it is not encryption nor should it be used for encryption purposes – it does not hide or secure information, it’s merely an encoding scheme.

Base64 Index Table

Value Encoding Value Encoding Value Encoding Value Encoding
0 A 16 Q 32 g 48 w
1 B 17 R 33 h 49 x
2 C 18 S 34 i 50 y
3 D 19 T 35 j 51 z
4 E 20 U 36 k 52 0
5 F 21 V 37 l 53 1
6 G 22 W 38 m 54 2
7 H 23 X 39 n 55 3
8 I 24 Y 40 o 56 4
9 J 25 Z 41 p 57 5
10 K 26 a 42 q 58 6
11 L 27 b 43 r 59 7
12 M 28 c 44 s 60 8
13 N 29 d 45 t 61 9
14 O 30 e 46 u 62 +
15 P 31 f 47 v 63 /

Differences between getEncoder() and getUrlEncoder() method of java.util.Base64 class

By Wayan in Util Package 0 Comment

The java.util.Base64.getEncoder() and java.util.Base64.getUrlEncoder() methods in Java both return a Base64 encoder. However, they exhibit different behaviors mainly due to the encoding scheme they follow for handling URL and filename safe characters.

  • java.util.Base64.getEncoder(): This method returns a Base64.Encoder that encodes using the Basic type base64 encoding scheme as per RFC 4648 Section 4.

Basic Base64 encoding does not handle URL and filename safe characters well. It uses + for 62, / for 63, and = for padding. These characters can cause problems in URLs.

An example of its usage.

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.Base64;

public class Base64EncoderExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Base64.Encoder encoder = Base64.getEncoder();
        String str = "https://www.google.com/search?q=Hello+World";
        String encodedString = encoder.encodeToString(str.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
        System.out.println("encodedString = " + encodedString);
    }
}

Output:

encodedString = aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS9zZWFyY2g/cT1IZWxsbytXb3JsZA==
  • java.util.Base64.getUrlEncoder(): This method returns a Base64.Encoder that encodes in URL and filename safe type base64 scheme as per RFC 4648 Section 5.

URL and filename safe Base64 encoding replaces + with - , and / with _. It also omits padding characters. This makes it safer for use in URLs or file-system paths.

An example of its usage.

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.Base64;

public class Base64UrlEncoderExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Base64.Encoder urlEncoder = Base64.getUrlEncoder();
        String str = "https://www.google.com/search?q=Hello+World";
        String urlEncodedString = urlEncoder.encodeToString(str.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
        System.out.println("encodedString = " + urlEncodedString);
    }
}

Output:

encodedString = aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS9zZWFyY2g_cT1IZWxsbytXb3JsZA==

So the choice between these two would depend on where you intend to use the encoded bytes. If it’s to be in a URL or a filepath, it’s recommended to use the getUrlEncoder() due to its url safe encoding scheme. For other use cases, the getEncoder() method should suffice.

Similar to the getEncoder() and getUrlEncoder() methods, the java.util.Base64 class provides the getDecoder() and getUrlDecoder() methods for Base64 decoding.

  • java.util.Base64.getDecoder(): This method returns a Base64.Decoder that decodes using the Basic type base64 encoding scheme.

Example:

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.Base64;

public class Base64DecodeExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Base64.Decoder decoder = Base64.getDecoder();

        // "Hello, World!" in Base64
        String str = "SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQ==";
        String decodedString = new String(decoder.decode(str), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        System.out.println("decodedString = " + decodedString);
    }
}

Output:

decodedString = Hello, World!
  • java.util.Base64.getUrlDecoder(): This method returns a Base64.Decoder that decodes using the URL and Filename safe type base64 encoding scheme.

Example:

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.Base64;

public class Base64UrlDecoderExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Base64.Decoder urlDecoder = Base64.getUrlDecoder();

        // "Hello, World!" in URL-safe Base64
        String urlSafeStr = "SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQ";
        String decodedString = new String(urlDecoder.decode(urlSafeStr), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        System.out.println("decodedString = " + decodedString);
    }
}

Output:

decodedString = Hello, World!

The choice between these two would again depend on from where you are getting the encoded bytes. If it’s from a URL or a filepath, you would want to use getUrlDecoder(). For other use cases, the getDecoder() method should suffice.

How do I convert LocalDate to ZonedDateTime?

By Wayan in Java 8, Java Date Time API 0 Comment

You can use the atStartOfDay() method from LocalDate class to convert a LocalDate into a LocalDateTime. Then, you need to convert LocalDateTime to a ZonedDateTime using the atZone() method.

Here is an example:

package org.kodejava.datetime;

import java.time.*;

public class LocalDateToZonedDateTimeExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Create a LocalDate
        LocalDate date = LocalDate.of(2023, Month.JULY, 9);
        System.out.println("LocalDate: " + date);

        // Convert LocalDate to LocalDateTime
        LocalDateTime dateTime = date.atStartOfDay();
        System.out.println("LocalDateTime: " + dateTime);

        // Convert LocalDateTime to ZonedDateTime
        ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime = dateTime.atZone(ZoneId.systemDefault());
        System.out.println("ZonedDateTime: " + zonedDateTime);
    }
}

Output:

LocalDate: 2023-07-09
LocalDateTime: 2023-07-09T00:00
ZonedDateTime: 2023-07-09T00:00+08:00[Asia/Makassar]

In this example, we’re creating a LocalDate for July 9, 2023. Then we’re converting it to a LocalDateTime, and then to a ZonedDateTime. The atStartOfDay() method returns a LocalDateTime set to the start of the day (00:00) on the date of this LocalDate. The atZone() method then takes the ZoneId and returns a ZonedDateTime representing the start of the day in that timezone.

The ZoneId.systemDefault() returns the system default time zone. If you want to convert it to a specific time zone, you can specify the timezone as a string, like this: ZoneId.of("America/New_York").

How do I convert datetime between time zones?

By Wayan in Java 8, Java Date Time API 0 Comment

The ZonedDateTime class is part of the Java Date-Time Package (java.time.*), released in Java 8 to address the shortcomings of the old date-time classes such as java.util.Date, java.util.Calendar, and java.util.SimpleDateFormat.

Some of the key features are:

  • It represents a date-time with a timezone in the ISO-8601 calendar system, such as ‘2007-12-03T10:15:30+01:00 Europe/Paris’.
  • It provides a lot of methods to play with year, month, day, hour, minute, second and nanosecond fields of the datetime.
  • It’s an immutable class, which is good for multithreaded environments.
  • It provides a fluent interface, which allows method calls to be chained.

Using Java java.time package (which is part of Java 8 and later), you can convert dates between time zones like this:

package org.kodejava.datetime;

import java.time.*;

public class ZonedDateTimeExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // Create a ZonedDateTime instance for the current date/time
        // in the current timezone
        ZonedDateTime now = ZonedDateTime.now();

        // Create a ZonedDateTime instance for the current date/time
        // in a different timezone
        ZonedDateTime nowInJakarta = now.withZoneSameInstant(ZoneId.of("Asia/Jakarta"));

        // Print the current date/time in the current timezone
        System.out.println("Current date/time: " + now);

        // Print the current date/time in the different timezone
        System.out.println("Current date/time in Jakarta: " + nowInJakarta);
    }
}

Output:

Current date/time: 2024-01-20T21:33:31.236022700+08:00[Asia/Makassar]
Current date/time in Jakarta: 2024-01-20T20:33:31.236022700+07:00[Asia/Jakarta]

The withZoneSameInstant method is used to adjust the date and time based on the timezone. It can be used to convert a datetime value to the datetime in another timezone.

This program will create a ZonedDateTime object representing the current date and time, and then create another ZonedDateTime object that represents the current date and time in Jakarta. Finally, it will print both dates to the console.

What is ZoneRules class of Java Date-Time API?

By Wayan in Java 8, Java Date Time API 0 Comment

The ZoneRules class in Java’s Date-Time API is used to encapsulate the set of rules defining how the zone offset varies for a single time zone.

The information in this class is typically derived from the IANA Time Zone Database (TZDB). The rules model the data traditionally contained in the ‘zic’ compiled data files of information from the TZDB.

An instance of ZoneRules is obtained from a ZoneId using the ZoneId.getRules() method.

Here is a simple example of how to use the ZoneRules class:

package org.kodejava.datetime;

import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.ZoneId;
import java.time.ZoneOffset;
import java.time.zone.ZoneRules;

public class ZoneRulesExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Get ZoneId for "Europe/Paris"
        ZoneId zoneId = ZoneId.of("Europe/Paris");
        System.out.println("ZoneId : " + zoneId);

        // Get ZoneRules associated with the ZoneId
        ZoneRules zoneRules = zoneId.getRules();
        System.out.println("ZoneRules : " + zoneRules);

        // Get the standard offset
        LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
        ZoneOffset offset = zoneRules.getOffset(localDateTime);
        System.out.println("Offset for " + localDateTime + " is: " + offset);
    }
}

Here we are using LocalDateTime.now() to get the current time and the getOffset(LocalDateTime) method on ZoneRules to find the offset for that particular time. The API guarantees immutability and thread-safety of ZoneRules class.

This example will output:

  • The ZoneId which will be “Europe/Paris”
  • The ZoneRules for the “Europe/Paris” time zone
  • The ZoneOffset for the current LocalDateTime. This offset is the difference in time between the “Europe/Paris” time zone and UTC at the time provided.

Output:

ZoneId : Europe/Paris
ZoneRules : ZoneRules[currentStandardOffset=+01:00]
Offset for 2024-01-19T15:55:14.156977 is: +01:00

How do I use java.time.ZoneId class?

By Wayan in Java 8, Java Date Time API 0 Comment

java.time.ZoneId is a class in Java’s Date-Time API used to represent a time zone identifier. This identifier is used to get a ZoneRules, which then can be used to convert between an Instant and a LocalDateTime.

Here is how you can use the ZoneId class in a simple way:

package org.kodejava.datetime;

import java.time.ZoneId;
import java.time.ZonedDateTime;

public class ZoneIdExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Get the system default ZoneId
        ZoneId defaultZoneId = ZoneId.systemDefault();
        System.out.println("System Default TimeZone : " + defaultZoneId);

        // Get ZoneId instance using the specified zone ID as a string
        ZoneId londonZoneId = ZoneId.of("Europe/London");
        System.out.println("London ZoneId : " + londonZoneId);

        // Get ZonedDateTime using ZoneId
        ZonedDateTime zonedDateTimeInLondon = ZonedDateTime.now(londonZoneId);
        System.out.println("Current date and time in London: " + zonedDateTimeInLondon);
    }
}

Output:

System Default TimeZone : Asia/Makassar
London ZoneId : Europe/London
Current date and time in London: 2024-01-19T06:43:23.076855Z[Europe/London]

In the above code:

  • ZoneId.systemDefault() is used to get the system default ZoneId.
  • ZoneId.of(String zoneId) is used to get a ZoneId instance using the specified zone ID as a string. You can get all available zone IDs by calling ZoneId.getAvailableZoneIds().
  • ZonedDateTime.now(ZoneId zoneId) is used to get the current date and time in the specified time zone.

Please note that the ZoneId is immutable and thread-safe, it ensures the class can be used safely in multithreaded systems.

How do I use java.time.Instant class of Java Date-Time API?

By Wayan in Java 8, Java Date Time API 0 Comment

The java.time.Instant class in the Java Date-Time API is an immutable representation of a point in time. It stores a long count of seconds from the epoch of the first moment of 1970 UTC, plus a number of nanoseconds for the further precision within that second.

The java.time.LocalDate class represents a date without a time or time zone. It is used to represent just a date as year-month-day (e.g., 2023-03-27) in the ISO-8601 calendar system.

The java.time.LocalTime class represents a time without a date or time zone. It is used to represent just a time as hour-minute-second (e.g., 13:45:20).

It’s also worth noting that Instant class is part of Java 8’s new date and time API which was brought in to address the shortcomings of the old java.util.Date and java.util.Calendar API.

Here’s a quick example of how to use the Instant class:

package org.kodejava.datetime;

import java.time.Instant;

public class InstantExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Get the current point in time
        Instant now = Instant.now();
        System.out.println("Current time: " + now);

        // Add duration of 500 seconds from now
        Instant later = now.plusSeconds(500);
        System.out.println("500 seconds later: " + later);

        // Subtract duration of 500 seconds from now
        Instant earlier = now.minusSeconds(500);
        System.out.println("500 seconds earlier: " + earlier);

        // Compare two Instants
        int comparison = now.compareTo(later);
        if (comparison < 0) {
            System.out.println("Now is earlier than later");
        } else if (comparison > 0) {
            System.out.println("Now is later than later");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Now and later are at the same time");
        }
    }
}

Output:

Current time: 2024-01-18T09:26:56.152268Z
500 seconds later: 2024-01-18T09:35:16.152268Z
500 seconds earlier: 2024-01-18T09:18:36.152268Z
Now is earlier than later

In this example, Instant.now() is used to get the current Instant. Various methods like plusSeconds(), minusSeconds(), and compareTo() are used to manipulate and compare the Instant.

LocalDate and LocalTime are local in the sense that they represent date and time from the context of the observer, without a time zone.

To connect Instant with LocalDate and LocalTime, you need a time zone. This is because Instant is in UTC and LocalDate/LocalTime are in a local time zone, so you need to explicitly provide a conversion between them.

Here’s how you convert an Instant to a LocalDate and a LocalTime:

package org.kodejava.datetime;

import java.time.*;

public class InstantConvertExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Instant now = Instant.now();
        System.out.println("Instant: " + now);

        // Get the system default timezone
        ZoneId zoneId = ZoneId.systemDefault(); 

        LocalDate localDate = now.atZone(zoneId).toLocalDate();
        System.out.println("LocalDate: " + localDate);

        LocalTime localTime = now.atZone(zoneId).toLocalTime();
        System.out.println("LocalTime: " + localTime);
    }
}

Here Instant.now() gives the current timestamp. .atZone(ZoneId.systemDefault()) converts it to ZonedDateTime which is then converted to LocalDate and LocalTime by using .toLocalDate() and .toLocalTime() respectively.

You can also go from LocalDate and LocalTime back to Instant. Here’s how:

package org.kodejava.datetime;

import java.time.*;

public class ToInstantExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LocalDate localDate = LocalDate.now();
        LocalTime localTime = LocalTime.now();
        ZoneId zoneId = ZoneId.systemDefault();
        Instant instantFromDateAndTime = LocalDateTime.of(localDate, localTime).atZone(zoneId).toInstant();

        System.out.println("Instant from LocalDate and LocalTime: " + instantFromDateAndTime);
    }
}