How do I format a number as percentage with fraction digits?

In Java, the NumberFormat class of java.text package can be used to format numbers. For formatting a number as a percentage string with fraction digits, you can use the getPercentInstance() method that returns a percentage format for the current default Locale.

Here is a sample code snippet showing how to format a number as a percentage string with two digits of fractions:

package org.kodejava.text;

import java.text.NumberFormat;

public class FormatPercentage {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        double number = 0.12345;

        // Get an instance of NumberFormat for percentage
        NumberFormat percentFormat = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance();

        // Set the fraction digits - change this value to control the
        // number of fraction digits.
        percentFormat.setMinimumFractionDigits(2); // set the minimum
        percentFormat.setMaximumFractionDigits(4); // set the maximum

        // Format the number as a percentage
        String formattedPercent = percentFormat.format(number);

        System.out.println("Number as percentage: " + formattedPercent);
    }
}

Output:

Number as percentage: 12.345%

In the above example, 0.12345 will be formatted as 12.35% because we have set the MinimumFractionDigits to 2 which means up to two decimal points will be included in the formatted percentage. If we also set the MaximumFractionDigits it will allow us to have up to four decimal points in the output value, here we have 12.345%.

Note that the actual percentage is calculated by multiplying the number by 100, so 0.12345 becomes 12.345% and then rounded to 12.35% (because of the fraction digits setting, in this case we only set the minimum fraction digits to two decimal points).

We can also use the DecimalFormat class. The DecimalFormat class in Java is used to format decimal numbers. It is a subclass of NumberFormat and you can customize the format of your number using it.

Here’s a simple example of how you can format a number as a percentage string using DecimalFormat:

package org.kodejava.text;

import java.text.DecimalFormat;

public class DecimalFormatPercentDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        double number = 0.123;

        // Create a new DecimalFormat instance with a percentage pattern
        DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat("#%");

        // Set the number of fraction digits 
        df.setMinimumFractionDigits(2);

        // Format the number into a percentage
        String percentage = df.format(number);

        System.out.println(percentage);
    }
}

This program will output 12.30%

The "#%" pattern means that the number should be formatted as a percentage. And df.setMinimumFractionDigits(2); means that the decimal will be formatted to two places.

The DecimalFormat will automatically multiply our value by 100, which is why 0.123 appears as 12.30%.

How do I use ConcurrentHasMap forEach() method?

The forEach() method in ConcurrentHashMap is used for iteration over the entries in the map. The method takes a BiConsumer as an argument, which is a functional interface that represents an operation that accepts two input arguments and returns no result.

Here’s an example of how to use forEach() with a ConcurrentHashMap:

package org.kodejava.util.concurrent;

import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

public class ConcurrentHashMapForEachExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Create a new ConcurrentHashMap
        ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

        // Add some key-value pairs
        map.put("One", 1);
        map.put("Two", 2);
        map.put("Three", 3);
        map.put("Four", 4);

        // Use forEach to iterate over the ConcurrentHashMap.
        // The BiConsumer takes a key (k) and value (v), and we're
        // just printing them here.
        map.forEach((k, v) -> System.out.println("Key: " + k + ", Value: " + v));
    }
}

Output:

Key: One, Value: 1
Key: Four, Value: 4
Key: Two, Value: 2
Key: Three, Value: 3

In the above example, forEach() is used to iterate over the entries of the map. For each entry, the key and value are printed. The forEach() method is often more convenient to use than an iterator, especially when you’re only performing a single operation (like print) for each entry in the map.

What is ConcurrentHasMap and how do I use it in Java?

ConcurrentHashMap is a class in Java that implements the ConcurrentMap interface. It is part of the Java Collection Framework and extends the AbstractMap class.

ConcurrentHashMap is thread-safe, which means it is designed to support high concurrency levels by handling multiple threads concurrently without any inconsistencies. It allows multiple threads to perform retrieve (get) and update (insert & delete) operations. Internally, ConcurrentHashMap uses concepts of Segmentation to store data which allows higher degree of concurrency.

Here is an example of how to use ConcurrentHashMap in Java:

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

public class ConcurrentHashMapExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Create a ConcurrentHashMap instance
        ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

        // Add elements
        map.put("One", 1);
        map.put("Two", 2);
        map.put("Three", 3);

        // Retrieve elements
        Integer one = map.get("One");
        System.out.println("Retrieved value for 'One': " + one);

        // Remove an element
        map.remove("Two");

        // Print all elements
        map.forEach((key, value) -> System.out.println(key + " = " + value));
    }
}

Output:

Retrieved value for 'One': 1
One = 1
Three = 3

In this example, we’re creating a ConcurrentHashMap, adding some elements to it, retrieving an element, removing an element, and finally printing all the elements.

One thing to note is that while ConcurrentHashMap allows multiple threads to read and write concurrently, a get() operation might not reflect the latest put() operation, since it might be looking at a previous segment. Further thread synchronization mechanisms might be necessary depending on your exact use case.

Also, worth mentioning, null values and null keys are not permitted in ConcurrentHashMap to prevent ambiguities and potential errors in multithreaded contexts. If you try to use null, ConcurrentHashMap will throw a NullPointerException.

Here’s an example demonstrating the usage of ConcurrentHashMap in a multithreaded context:

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class ConcurrentHashMapThreadDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

        // Create a ThreadPool with 5 threads
        try (ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5)) {

            // Runnable task to increment a value in the map
            Runnable task = () -> {
                for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                    map.compute("TestKey", (key, value) -> {
                        if (value == null) {
                            return 1;
                        } else {
                            return value + 1;
                        }
                    });
                }
            };

            // Submit the task to each thread in the pool
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                executor.submit(task);
            }

            // Shut down the executor and wait for tasks to complete
            executor.shutdown();
            if (!executor.awaitTermination(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
                executor.shutdownNow();
            }
        }

        System.out.println("Final value for 'TestKey': " + map.get("TestKey"));
    }
}

Output:

Final value for 'TestKey': 50

In this example, we’re creating a ConcurrentHashMap and a thread pool with ExecutorService. We’re then defining a Runnable task, which increments the value of the “TestKey” key in the map 10 times.

The task uses ConcurrentHashMap‘s compute() method, which is atomic, meaning that the retrieval and update of the value is done as a single operation that cannot be interleaved with other operations. We then submit the task to each of the five threads in our thread pool. After all threads have completed their tasks, we retrieve and print the final value of “TestKey”.

If everything works correctly, the output should be “Final value for ‘TestKey’: 50”, because we have 5 threads each incrementing the value 10 times. This demonstrates the thread-safety of ConcurrentHashMap, as the compute() operation is done atomically and many threads were able to modify the map simultaneously without causing inconsistencies. If we were using a plain HashMap instead, we could not guarantee this would be the case.

How do I check if a character is a whitespace in Java?

Whitespace characters in Java (or programming in general) aren’t just the space ' ' character. It also includes other characters that create some form of space or break in the text. The most common ones include:

  • space ' '
  • tab '\t'
  • newline '\n'
  • carriage return '\r'
  • form feed '\f'.

All these characters fall into the category of whitespace characters.

Now, if we want to check if a character in Java is one of these whitespace characters, we can make use of the built-in method Character.isWhitespace(char ch). Character is a class in Java that provides a number of useful class (i.e., static) methods for working with characters. And the isWhitespace() method is one of them which checks if the provided character is a whitespace character.

Here is a simple code snippet:

package org.kodejava.lang;

public class CharacterIsWhitespace {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        char ch = ' ';

        if (Character.isWhitespace(ch)) {
            System.out.println(ch + " is a whitespace character.");
        } else {
            System.out.println(ch + " is not a whitespace character.");
        }
    }
}

This code first defines a character ch and then uses Character.isWhitespace(ch) to check if it is a whitespace character. The isWhitespace() method returns true if the given character is a space, new line, tab, or other whitespace characters, false otherwise.

Here’s a little more expansive example:

package org.kodejava.lang;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

public class CharacterIsWhitespaceDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Character> characters = Arrays.asList(' ', '\t', '\n', '\r', '\f', 'a', '1');
        for (char ch : characters) {
            if (Character.isWhitespace(ch)) {
                System.out.println("'" + ch + "' is a whitespace character.");
            } else {
                System.out.println("'" + ch + "' is not a whitespace character.");
            }
        }
    }
}

Output:

' ' is a whitespace character.
'   ' is a whitespace character.
'
' is a whitespace character.
' is a whitespace character.
'' is a whitespace character.
'a' is not a whitespace character.
'1' is not a whitespace character.

In this code snippet, we are checking and outputting whether each character in a list of characters is a whitespace character or not. The list includes a space, a tab, newline, carriage return, form feed, an alphabetic character, and a digit. The isWhitespace() method identifies correctly which ones are the whitespace characters.

The Character.isWhitespace(char ch) method in Java also considers Unicode whitespace. It checks for whitespace according to the Unicode standard. The method considers a character as a whitespace if and only if it is a Unicode space separator (category “Zs”), or if it is one of the following explicit characters:

  • U+0009, HORIZONTAL TABULATION (‘\t’)
  • U+000A, LINE FEED (‘\n’)
  • U+000B, VERTICAL TABULATION
  • U+000C, FORM FEED (‘\f’)
  • U+000D, CARRIAGE RETURN (‘\r’)

Here is an example of checking Unicode whitespace:

package org.kodejava.lang;

public class CharacterIsWhitespaceUnicode {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        char ch = '\u2003';  // EM SPACE

        if (Character.isWhitespace(ch)) {
            System.out.println("Character '" + ch + "' (\\u2003) is a whitespace character.");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Character '" + ch + "' (\\u2003) is not a whitespace character.");
        }
    }
}

Output:

Character ' ' (\u2003) is a whitespace character.

In this example, \u2003 is a Unicode representation of the “EM SPACE” character, which is a type of space character in the Unicode standard. The isWhitespace() method correctly identifies it as a whitespace character.

How to remove map’s entry set elements in certain condition?

In Java, you can use the removeIf() method to remove elements from a Set-based in a certain condition. Here’s how you can do it:

  • First, get the entry set from the map. The entry set is a Set<Map.Entry<K,V>>.
  • Then, call removeIf() on this set.
  • The removeIf() method takes a predicate, which is a condition that is checked against every element in the set.
  • If the predicate is true for a given element, that element is removed.

Here is the Java code:

package org.kodejava.util;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class MapEntrySetRemoveIf {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
        map.put("One", 1);
        map.put("Two", 2);
        map.put("Three", 3);
        map.put("Four", 4);

        // Remove entry with key "Two"
        map.entrySet().removeIf(entry -> entry.getKey().equals("Two"));

        map.entrySet().forEach(System.out::println);
    }
}

Output:

One=1
Four=4
Three=3

This will remove the map entry with “Two” as its key. You can replace entry.getKey().equals("Two") with any condition you desire.

Please note that this operation may throw ConcurrentModificationException if the map is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created. Make sure you’re aware of concurrent modifications when using this method.